![]() This modifies the manual inputs of the pilot in accordance with control parameters. It is used in the general sense of computer-configured controls, where a computer system is interposed between the operator and the final control actuators or surfaces. The term "fly-by-wire" implies a purely electrically signaled control system. Dangerous characteristics such as stalling, spinning and pilot-induced oscillation (PIO), which depend mainly on the stability and structure of the aircraft concerned rather than the control system itself, are dependent on the pilot's actions. Both have limited ability to compensate for changing aerodynamic conditions. Both systems often require redundant backup to deal with failures, which increases weight. Mechanical and hydro-mechanical flight control systems are relatively heavy and require careful routing of flight control cables through the aircraft by systems of pulleys, cranks, tension cables and hydraulic pipes. The fly-by-wire computers act to stabilize the aircraft and adjust the flying characteristics without the pilot's involvement, and to prevent the pilot from operating outside of the aircraft's safe performance envelope. The pilot may not be fully aware of all the control outputs acting to effect the outcome, only that the aircraft is reacting as expected. Improved fully fly-by-wire systems interpret the pilot's control inputs as a desired outcome and calculate the control surface positions required to achieve that outcome this results in various combinations of rudder, elevator, aileron, flaps and engine controls in different situations using a closed feedback loop. It can use mechanical flight control backup systems (like the Boeing 777) or use fully fly-by-wire controls. ![]() The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires, and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the ordered response. The only analogue instruments were the radio magnetic indicator, brake pressure indicator, standby altimeter and artificial horizon, the latter two being replaced by a digital integrated standby instrument system in later production models.įly-by-wire ( FBW) is a system that replaces the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. ![]() The Airbus A320 family was the first airliner to feature a full glass cockpit and digital fly-by-wire flight control system. ![]()
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